J.D. Vance grew up with God but, for the most part, without church. His family rarely found themselves in a pew on Sunday morning, and they didn't turn to faith leaders for help in times of crisis.
Contrary to popular opinion, this approach to religious life is relatively widespread in so-called hillbilly country, or the region of the U.S. that stretches along the Appalachian Mountains, according to Vance, who grew up in southern Ohio. Families talk about God but don't trust religious institutions, missing out on the hope and stability that church involvement often brings.
In his new book, "Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis," Vance sheds light on the world he grew up in, exploring how social policies and other factors affect some of the poorest communities in the U.S. "Our elegy is a sociological one, yes, but it is also about psychology and community and culture and faith," he writes.
Vance, a 32-year-old principal at a Silicon Valley investment firm, was mostly raised in Middletown, Ohio, by his grandparents, Mamaw and Papaw, while his mom struggled with drug addiction. He nearly failed out of high school, but regrouped and made his way to the Marine Corps, college and then Yale Law School.
"Hillbilly Elegy," which has been on The New York Times Best Sellers list for the past four weeks, is his effort to make sense of what's gone wrong in the perpetually poor Appalachian region of the country and share what institutions like churches need to do differently to help.
"Are we tough enough to build a church that forces kids like me to engage with the world rather than withdraw from it?" he writes.
We spoke with Vance last week about hillbilly faith and religion's role in the American Dream. This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
What's the most common misconception about religious practice in the part of the country where you grew up?
Well, I guess Id pick two.
The first is that people wrongly believe religion is the province of people who are weak or poor or stupid. To use a political phrase, people who are clinging to their guns and religion.
It would appear that folks who are most destitute in these areas are the least likely to go to church. Church is increasingly something that is relatively confined to upper-income, well-educated people.
I think thats something people should recognize about the role of religious faith in this part of the world.
The second thing is that we tend to think of these areas as the Bible Belt, where everyone is going to church and everyone is actively involved in religious community. Thats not that true.
If you look at the statistics and see some of the things Ive seen, you recognize that these people, despite being very religious and having their Christian faith as something important to them, arent attending church that much. They dont have that much of a connection to a traditional religious institution.
Religion is important. That conception is right. But religion is quirky and its not traditionally practiced in religious institutions.
What do you mean by quirky?
Its on a scale.
At the best end of the scale, people read the Bible regularly, pray and think very seriously about their Christian faith and what it requires of them.
The other way religious belief is expressed is not especially good. Faith becomes what Id call a cultural tchotchke. Its like something you wear on your breast or that you pin to your identity. But it isnt actually that significant to you in a lot of ways.
The point is that, for at least a fair number of people in these areas, Christian faith isnt motivating their behavior. Its just another identifier. They listen to country music, live in a rural area, like to fish and theyre also Christians.
For some people, faith is a very important part of their life even if theyre not going to church. But for a few people, religion is more about what it signifies for their identity as red-state Americans.
What role did faith play in your childhood?
I lived in a pretty chaotic and hopeless world. Faith gave me the belief that there was somebody looking out for me, that there was a hopeful future on the other side of all the things I was going through.
Going to church showed me a lot of really positive traits that I hadnt seen before. I saw people of different races and classes worshipping together. I saw that there were certain moral expectations from my peers of what I should do.
The kids on my block in Middletown, if they cared at all about what you were doing, they were typically urging you to do drugs or take a drink.
Church exposed me to an entire enclave of kids who were my age and like me but they expected me to not do drugs or have premarital sex or drink alcohol.
Faith gave me a lot of hope and it also gave me a community of people who were very supportive in a number of different ways.
But the church you went to with your dad also seemed to urge you to withdraw from the world. Can that be problematic?
The kind of conservative, evangelical Christianity I practiced encourages a cultural paranoia where you dont trust and want to withdraw from a lot of parts of the world.
Its very hard to be a practicing Christian in the 21st century world if you set things up as Everyone is against us. You cant believe modern science, modern media or modern political institutions because theyre all conspiring against Christians.
That creates a stark choice in a lot of people: You can believe in certain parts of modern science or you can be a good Christian. But you cant do both. It creates isolating pressure from the faith.
I eventually got to the point where I was like, Well, if I cant believe in the Big Bang Theory and be a good Christian, then maybe Im not a good Christian.
When you entered law school, you had to navigate a new, more elite world. How did your classmates' religious practices differ from your childhood faith?
When I started law school in 2010, I would have called myself an atheist. When I graduated law school in 2013, I was exploring my faith again. A lot changed in those three years.
Back home, kids who grew up to be relatively successful tended to abandon their faith. All of my close friends growing up were all really religious but, with the exception of one of us, we all considered ourselves nonreligious by age 25.
At Yale, I was exposed to faith groups in which that didnt seem to be happening.
Mormons and Catholics at Yale Law School, who were really smart and successful, were engaged with their faith. There was a moment when I was like, Maybe it is possible to have Christian faith in an upwardly mobile world. You can be a member of your faith and still be a reasonably successful person. Thats not the world I grew up in, but maybe thats true.
What do you think explains the differences?
My guess and I dont have the data to support it is that a lot of the isolating pressures I experienced as a young, conservative, evangelical Protestant arent present for Catholics and Mormons.
Both of those faiths are very intense about the moral rules they want their followers to follow, but theyre also engaged not just with modern science, but with the modern world.
Catholics and Mormons seem to be much better at figuring out how to practice their faith in a multicultural world. My sense is that its because there arent those isolating pressures. They dont feel like they had to choose between the world and their faith. They can influence the world through their faith.
How would you describe your faith life now?
Ive been going to church for the past year or so. Not as much as I should, but more than I have been. Ive been thinking very seriously about converting to Catholicism because of some of the things we were talking about.
Im in a weird place where I would describe myself as Christian, but Im not an active participant in any denomination. If I were to jump back in, it would be through a formal conversion process.
Contrary to popular opinion, this approach to religious life is relatively widespread in so-called hillbilly country, or the region of the U.S. that stretches along the Appalachian Mountains, according to Vance, who grew up in southern Ohio. Families talk about God but don't trust religious institutions, missing out on the hope and stability that church involvement often brings.
In his new book, "Hillbilly Elegy: A Memoir of a Family and Culture in Crisis," Vance sheds light on the world he grew up in, exploring how social policies and other factors affect some of the poorest communities in the U.S. "Our elegy is a sociological one, yes, but it is also about psychology and community and culture and faith," he writes.
Vance, a 32-year-old principal at a Silicon Valley investment firm, was mostly raised in Middletown, Ohio, by his grandparents, Mamaw and Papaw, while his mom struggled with drug addiction. He nearly failed out of high school, but regrouped and made his way to the Marine Corps, college and then Yale Law School.
"Hillbilly Elegy," which has been on The New York Times Best Sellers list for the past four weeks, is his effort to make sense of what's gone wrong in the perpetually poor Appalachian region of the country and share what institutions like churches need to do differently to help.
"Are we tough enough to build a church that forces kids like me to engage with the world rather than withdraw from it?" he writes.
We spoke with Vance last week about hillbilly faith and religion's role in the American Dream. This interview has been edited for length and clarity.
What's the most common misconception about religious practice in the part of the country where you grew up?
Well, I guess Id pick two.
The first is that people wrongly believe religion is the province of people who are weak or poor or stupid. To use a political phrase, people who are clinging to their guns and religion.
It would appear that folks who are most destitute in these areas are the least likely to go to church. Church is increasingly something that is relatively confined to upper-income, well-educated people.
I think thats something people should recognize about the role of religious faith in this part of the world.
The second thing is that we tend to think of these areas as the Bible Belt, where everyone is going to church and everyone is actively involved in religious community. Thats not that true.
If you look at the statistics and see some of the things Ive seen, you recognize that these people, despite being very religious and having their Christian faith as something important to them, arent attending church that much. They dont have that much of a connection to a traditional religious institution.
Religion is important. That conception is right. But religion is quirky and its not traditionally practiced in religious institutions.
What do you mean by quirky?
Its on a scale.
At the best end of the scale, people read the Bible regularly, pray and think very seriously about their Christian faith and what it requires of them.
The other way religious belief is expressed is not especially good. Faith becomes what Id call a cultural tchotchke. Its like something you wear on your breast or that you pin to your identity. But it isnt actually that significant to you in a lot of ways.
The point is that, for at least a fair number of people in these areas, Christian faith isnt motivating their behavior. Its just another identifier. They listen to country music, live in a rural area, like to fish and theyre also Christians.
For some people, faith is a very important part of their life even if theyre not going to church. But for a few people, religion is more about what it signifies for their identity as red-state Americans.
What role did faith play in your childhood?
I lived in a pretty chaotic and hopeless world. Faith gave me the belief that there was somebody looking out for me, that there was a hopeful future on the other side of all the things I was going through.
Going to church showed me a lot of really positive traits that I hadnt seen before. I saw people of different races and classes worshipping together. I saw that there were certain moral expectations from my peers of what I should do.
The kids on my block in Middletown, if they cared at all about what you were doing, they were typically urging you to do drugs or take a drink.
Church exposed me to an entire enclave of kids who were my age and like me but they expected me to not do drugs or have premarital sex or drink alcohol.
Faith gave me a lot of hope and it also gave me a community of people who were very supportive in a number of different ways.
But the church you went to with your dad also seemed to urge you to withdraw from the world. Can that be problematic?
The kind of conservative, evangelical Christianity I practiced encourages a cultural paranoia where you dont trust and want to withdraw from a lot of parts of the world.
Its very hard to be a practicing Christian in the 21st century world if you set things up as Everyone is against us. You cant believe modern science, modern media or modern political institutions because theyre all conspiring against Christians.
That creates a stark choice in a lot of people: You can believe in certain parts of modern science or you can be a good Christian. But you cant do both. It creates isolating pressure from the faith.
I eventually got to the point where I was like, Well, if I cant believe in the Big Bang Theory and be a good Christian, then maybe Im not a good Christian.
When you entered law school, you had to navigate a new, more elite world. How did your classmates' religious practices differ from your childhood faith?
When I started law school in 2010, I would have called myself an atheist. When I graduated law school in 2013, I was exploring my faith again. A lot changed in those three years.
Back home, kids who grew up to be relatively successful tended to abandon their faith. All of my close friends growing up were all really religious but, with the exception of one of us, we all considered ourselves nonreligious by age 25.
At Yale, I was exposed to faith groups in which that didnt seem to be happening.
Mormons and Catholics at Yale Law School, who were really smart and successful, were engaged with their faith. There was a moment when I was like, Maybe it is possible to have Christian faith in an upwardly mobile world. You can be a member of your faith and still be a reasonably successful person. Thats not the world I grew up in, but maybe thats true.
What do you think explains the differences?
My guess and I dont have the data to support it is that a lot of the isolating pressures I experienced as a young, conservative, evangelical Protestant arent present for Catholics and Mormons.
Both of those faiths are very intense about the moral rules they want their followers to follow, but theyre also engaged not just with modern science, but with the modern world.
Catholics and Mormons seem to be much better at figuring out how to practice their faith in a multicultural world. My sense is that its because there arent those isolating pressures. They dont feel like they had to choose between the world and their faith. They can influence the world through their faith.
How would you describe your faith life now?
Ive been going to church for the past year or so. Not as much as I should, but more than I have been. Ive been thinking very seriously about converting to Catholicism because of some of the things we were talking about.
Im in a weird place where I would describe myself as Christian, but Im not an active participant in any denomination. If I were to jump back in, it would be through a formal conversion process.